CASE STUDY

A. PERSONAL DATA

Name:                         Delissa Nicole B. Capistrano

Age:                             4 years old

Birthday:                    April 4, 2006

Address:                      143 Sandiego Subdivision Caloocan City

Name of School:        EL NIÑO DayCare Center

Name of Mother:       Maritess Capistrano

Occupation:               Ministop Manager

Name of Father:         Bon Ronald Capistrano

Occupation:               Ministop Manager

B. THERAPEUTIC RELATIONSHIP

            I, Charmaine Cristal B. Baluyot is going to undergo on my Case Study to Delissa Nicole B. Capistrano. She is my neighbor and her mother is one of my close friends. Nicole is a very intelligent girl. At her age, she can add, recognize colors,shapes,animals and people too. She is also fun of imitating other people. But sometimes, other people notice that she became boastful on her playmates specially when it comes to her intellectual ability. Upon hearing this observation of other people to Nicole, I immediately talked to her mother and she told me that she will going to help me on this case.

C. PRESENTING THE PROBLEM

 

            “ Because Nicole is a very good child, she taught that she is stand up to her playmates” – Auntie Che said.

            When I talked to the Auntie of Nicole, she told me that Nicole is a very wise girl yet sometimes, there are circumstances that she became boastful of expressing her ideas to other people.

            “ You know, because of the abilities of Nicole, sometimes other people taught that she is above her age. When I told them that she is only four years old, they were going to say “ Oh! Really! ? she’s only  4 years old??? Wow!! How smart she is, she can easily memorize, recognize and identify things on her surrounding at a very young age. I think, she is special” my other co-teacher said. “ – Teacher Mila

            When I talked to Nicole, I ask her to sing ABC but Nicole said to me, “ Ate, I know it already. I can sing it. Try to ask umong if he can, I know he can’t sing it. “

D. PSYCHOLOGICAL HISTORY

D1. TIME LINE

• 2007

·        She is the only grand grandchild in the Family so all the love and attention are on Nicole.

• 2008

·        She became Ate of her sister named Iya. Iya has a disability on her feet with spina bifida case. That’s the reason why all the attention now of the family was being transferred to Iya.

• 2010

·        When Nicole’s yaya said that she will going to get Iya, Nicole said “ Get her! I don’t like her! I don’t love her! “ so yaya got shock of what Nicole said.

• 2011

·        When grandma’s birthday was being celebrated, some of the relatives teased Iya to dance the Shembot, so Iya dance it but Nicole said “ I canalso dance…. Look! Look! “ then she dance. Nicole gets the attention of her relatives to Iya.

D2. GENOGRAM

D3.SOCIOGRAPH

• at home

• at school

 

 

 
 

D4. SELF-MASTERY

           

            When I talked to Nicole, sometimes, some of my words that I said to her was being imitated. Then, when I told Nicole together with her playmates that I want to act as their temporary teacher in our play, she told me “ Wow! I like it!”. Then, I taught them different kinds of shapes and they will going to color it according to the letter that correspond to the shape.

When the activity is being answered by Nicole and her playmates, I left them without their notice that I’m only at the back of the door watching their moves. I saw Nicole putting her paper on the top of my desk. It means that she’s already finish. But Nicole went around her playmates looking at their work and said “ NO your wrong! That’s not the answer! Don’t you know it??”. Then I appeared and told Nicole “ oh!! don’t say NO Nicole. that is the reason why I am teaching all of you because I want you to know the things that you don’t know. If you already know the answer and you saw that her answer is not correct, then teach her so that she will know the correct color that corresponds to the shapes. Okay? “. Then she told me “sorry”. But after our play, I saw her again teasing her playmates that she doesn’t know the answer because she is not listening, she said “BOBO!”.

D5. POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SOCIAL RELATIONSHIP

            As I observed, Nicole is friendly. She gives her food to her other playmates and she let them borrowed her toys. She is also smart and a wise girl. Sometimes, when I told her to get me a glass of water, she get it without hesitation. Nicole has a characteristic also of a loving daughter. But because of jealousy to her sister Iya, that’s the reason why her attitude becomes bad. When she saw me talking to Iya, I saw her eyes getting mad at me as if she will going to hurt me. That’s the reason why her social relationship to other people becomes worst when Iya  is involved.

D6. POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ABOUT HER ACTION

            As I’ve noticed, Nicole has a lot of positive traits inside her. She is helpful specially when she saw others needing her help. Like for example, when Umong get hurt because of the hit of the bike, she immediately lift Umong and get some water to clean the wound of Umong. Then she called her Auntie(mother of Umong) to carry Umong on their house and cure his wound. Nicole is also generous because, I saw her one time giving her food to the street children.

I just notice that she became bad when we talk about her sister. Because of jealousy to her sister, Nicole doesn’t notice that her action is not good to the eyes of others. I think, this is the reason why Nicole wants to get always the attention of other people and be the BEST among the rest! She is jealous  to her sister!.

E. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

            There are lots of theory that will describe nicole’s attitude towards her actions. The first is about COGNITIVE THEORY  by Piaget. This theory is really obvious on the case of Nicole because when we talk about cognitive, Nicole is gifted on it. Another theory is CONSTRUCTIVISM  wherein children can construct their own knowledge. In nicole’s case because she is intellectually good, she can construct her own knowledge based on the problem that you presented to her. ABRAHAM MASLOW and SELF-ACTUALIZATION THEORY is also involved on ths case because Nicole can stand on her own but she needs the belongingness, love, safety and security to be capable of achieving. Next is erik erikson PSYCOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT where in, children’s personalities and social skills grow and develop within the content of society and in response to society’s demands, expectations and values. TRUST vs MISTRUST because when Nicole feels that her relatives loves her so much specially her grandma’s and grandpa’s, trust is develop but as time goes by, when the attention of relatives transferred to Iya, mistrust appears on nicole’s attitude. INDUSTRY vs INFERIORITY because Nicole is competent that she can achieve the things that she wants to achieve. MORAL DEVELOPMENT by kohlberg because as I observed, Nicole is lack of moral guidance by the people surrounds her. She taught that she is BEST  among others that’s why her morality to other people didn’t mind her. BEHAVIORISM is another theory that describes nicole’s case because it is very obvious that Nicole has a problem with regards to her behavior.Because of jealousy to her sister, the behavior of Nicole is being affected.

F. PROGNOSIS

            As I observed,I think, there’s also a problem on the side of the parents and relatives of Nicole because all the problem starts because of the “jealous factor” of Nicole. If the parents and relatives also consider that Nicole also needs belongingness and love, I think, there is no problem with regards to Nicole.

G. THERAPEUTIC PLAN

G1. KNOWLEDGE BUILDING

            Nicole must need to know how to accept that her sister need much attention to her because her sisteris special in a way of treating her. Nicole must know also how to appreciate the achievements of her other playmates so that Nicole could build the attitude of accepting that everybody has a capacity to be the BEST like her. She also need to know that her parents and relatives loves her so much and she is only the one who taught that she lacks attention. She must need to know how to value other people, how to love, and how to be a good sister. Nicole must also need to know her limitations that she is a child not an adult and she needs the help and the company of others.

G2. ATTITUDE

            On the attitude of Nicole, because of being jealous to Iya, she doesn’t mind people around her and she doesn’t notice that her attitude is not pleasant in the eyes of others that’s why, Nicole should need to accept Iya as her youngest sister, that Nicole must need to love Iya. I think, If Nicole can accept that Iya is her youngest sister and she needs to protect her. I think, this will be the start of the new Nicole because  we all know that the problem starts because of jealousy and if we can solve it, problem will be occur specially in the attitude of Nicole.

G3. SKILLS

            Because Nicole is a very intelligent girl, she must be able to know that sharing her skills is very important because helping other people gives joyful to herself. Nicole must also need to know that God creates us because he loves us and GOD loves us when we accept, help and love other people too.

           

H. THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION

                 DATE          INTERVENTION                                 RESULT

·        March 11         I praise her and taught to                   FAILED

                                       accept others achievements.

·        March 12         I let her be the teacher of her             FAILED

                                       playmates.

·        March 12         I use the “story telling” technique     SUCCEED

                                        to teach her about everything that

                                        she needs to learn.

I. PROGRESS

           

           

            I praised Nicole for what she had done and I let her praise other people too. But it seems to me that she became more confident about herself so I change my intervention. Because Nicole is a very intelligent girl, I asked her to be the teacher of her playmates so that she can impart the knowledge that she had. But she was being irritated every time her playmates cannot answer her questions so I used again another intervention for her.

            I told them a story about “ My favorite Student “. I said, “my favorite student is the one who can teah her classmates to be a model student like her, the one who accepts the achievements of others, the one who accepts her fault and say sorry to other people who caused her hurt. My favorite student is friendly and willing to help others and my favorite student has a good attitude towards her words and actions. So who among you wants to be my favorite student??”. I saw all of them raising their hand including Nicole.

            Then, when I asked them to do another activity about the topic that we had discussed, I left them again. I saw Nicole putting her paper again on the top of my desk and went back to her sit. But one incident really touches my heart and that is when her playmate asked Nicole about their activity and Nicole taught her. It makes me glad because I know that I will succeed on this case. After our activity, I asked Nicole to return the paper of her playmates. When Umong got high score like Nicole, I saw Nicole smiling at Umong and it gives me a hint that Nicole has the capacity to change and be a good child also.

J. THERAPEUTIC RESULT

            After I saw the changes of Nicole’s behavior, I know that she has the capacity to change for the better so, I asked her mother if she was aware about the “jealous factor” of Nicole to Iya. She said NO. I told them that Nicole becomes bad, boastful and full of self-confident because she taught that no one love her. She lacks attention that you as a parent need to give to her. That’s the reason why she always caught your attention when Iya is involved. The mother told me that because of their work, sometimes they cannot supervise Nicole and let the yaya be the guardian of her. She promised me that because of what I’ve said, she will do her part right away to supervise Nicole. The mother thanked me also for all the help that I gave to them.

K. SUMMARY/CONCLUSION/RECOMMENDATION

            After the result of my interventions to Nicole, I can say that my case is successfully done because I know that Nicole’s behavior o other people will be change for better because she can now accepts opinions, achievements and her fault to others. So I’m happy because I know that someday, Nicole will be successful on the things that she needs to know and on socializing to other people too. She will always remember that there is “CRISTAL “who taught her to accept others as her friend.

            My recommendation will always fall back to the parents to always guide Nicole on her life, to give her the attention, love and care that she needs. To be fair in treating Nicole and Iya as their siblings. Teach Nicole to accept Iya as her youngest sister and she must need to protect Iya for all the time. I just want to say to Nicole that I admire her for accepting her fault and willingness to love others. I hope that someday, I will saw Nicole and Iya happy together.

L. IMPLICATIONS TO EDUCATION (GLOBAL EDUCATOR)

             Because of the success of my case, I know that God place a big responsibilities on my hands. Upon observing this case, I told to myself that I will not only teach them to read and write but to teach them to be a good citizen someday and this is a big goal of GOD to me. If the parents are not aware of what is happening with their children, I am there to remind them about the changes of their child. Parents and teachers must work hand in hand to help the child reach the GOD’s goal on us..

CASE STUDY

CASE STUDY

A. PERSONAL DATA

Name:                         Delissa Nicole B. Capistrano

Age:                             4 years old

Birthday:                    April 4, 2006

Address:                      143 Sandiego Subdivision Caloocan City

Name of School:        EL NIÑO DayCare Center

Name of Mother:       Maritess Capistrano

Occupation:               Ministop Manager

Name of Father:         Bon Ronald Capistrano

Occupation:               Ministop Manager

B. THERAPEUTIC RELATIONSHIP

            I, Charmaine Cristal B. Baluyot is going to undergo on my Case Study to Delissa Nicole B. Capistrano. She is my neighbor and her mother is one of my close friends. Nicole is a very intelligent girl. At her age, she can add, recognize colors,shapes,animals and people too. She is also fun of imitating other people. But sometimes, other people notice that she became boastful on her playmates specially when it comes to her intellectual ability. Upon hearing this observation of other people to Nicole, I immediately talked to her mother and she told me that she will going to help me on this case.

C. PRESENTING THE PROBLEM

 

            “ Because Nicole is a very good child, she taught that she is stand up to her playmates” – Auntie Che said.

            When I talked to the Auntie of Nicole, she told me that Nicole is a very wise girl yet sometimes, there are circumstances that she became boastful of expressing her ideas to other people.

            “ You know, because of the abilities of Nicole, sometimes other people taught that she is above her age. When I told them that she is only four years old, they were going to say “ Oh! Really! ? she’s only  4 years old??? Wow!! How smart she is, she can easily memorize, recognize and identify things on her surrounding at a very young age. I think, she is special” my other co-teacher said. “ – Teacher Mila

            When I talked to Nicole, I ask her to sing ABC but Nicole said to me, “ Ate, I know it already. I can sing it. Try to ask umong if he can, I know he can’t sing it. “

D. PSYCHOLOGICAL HISTORY

D1. TIME LINE

• 2007

·        She is the only grand grandchild in the Family so all the love and attention are on Nicole.

• 2008

·        She became Ate of her sister named Iya. Iya has a disability on her feet with spina bifida case. That’s the reason why all the attention now of the family was being transferred to Iya.

• 2010

·        When Nicole’s yaya said that she will going to get Iya, Nicole said “ Get her! I don’t like her! I don’t love her! “ so yaya got shock of what Nicole said.

• 2011

·        When grandma’s birthday was being celebrated, some of the relatives teased Iya to dance the Shembot, so Iya dance it but Nicole said “ I canalso dance…. Look! Look! “ then she dance. Nicole gets the attention of her relatives to Iya.

D2. GENOGRAM

D3.SOCIOGRAPH

D4. SELF-MASTERY

           

            When I talked to Nicole, sometimes, some of my words that I said to her was being imitated. Then, when I told Nicole together with her playmates that I want to act as their temporary teacher in our play, she told me “ Wow! I like it!”. Then, I taught them different kinds of shapes and they will going to color it according to the letter that correspond to the shape.

When the activity is being answered by Nicole and her playmates, I left them without their notice that I’m only at the back of the door watching their moves. I saw Nicole putting her paper on the top of my desk. It means that she’s already finish. But Nicole went around her playmates looking at their work and said “ NO your wrong! That’s not the answer! Don’t you know it??”. Then I appeared and told Nicole “ oh!! don’t say NO Nicole. that is the reason why I am teaching all of you because I want you to know the things that you don’t know. If you already know the answer and you saw that her answer is not correct, then teach her so that she will know the correct color that corresponds to the shapes. Okay? “. Then she told me “sorry”. But after our play, I saw her again teasing her playmates that she doesn’t know the answer because she is not listening, she said “BOBO!”.

D5. POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SOCIAL RELATIONSHIP

            As I observed, Nicole is friendly. She gives her food to her other playmates and she let them borrowed her toys. She is also smart and a wise girl. Sometimes, when I told her to get me a glass of water, she get it without hesitation. Nicole has a characteristic also of a loving daughter. But because of jealousy to her sister Iya, that’s the reason why her attitude becomes bad. When she saw me talking to Iya, I saw her eyes getting mad at me as if she will going to hurt me. That’s the reason why her social relationship to other people becomes worst when Iya  is involved.

D6. POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ABOUT HER ACTION

            As I’ve noticed, Nicole has a lot of positive traits inside her. She is helpful specially when she saw others needing her help. Like for example, when Umong get hurt because of the hit of the bike, she immediately lift Umong and get some water to clean the wound of Umong. Then she called her Auntie(mother of Umong) to carry Umong on their house and cure his wound. Nicole is also generous because, I saw her one time giving her food to the street children.

I just notice that she became bad when we talk about her sister. Because of jealousy to her sister, Nicole doesn’t notice that her action is not good to the eyes of others. I think, this is the reason why Nicole wants to get always the attention of other people and be the BEST among the rest! She is jealous  to her sister!.

E. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

            There are lots of theory that will describe nicole’s attitude towards her actions. The first is about COGNITIVE THEORY  by Piaget. This theory is really obvious on the case of Nicole because when we talk about cognitive, Nicole is gifted on it. Another theory is CONSTRUCTIVISM  wherein children can construct their own knowledge. In nicole’s case because she is intellectually good, she can construct her own knowledge based on the problem that you presented to her. ABRAHAM MASLOW and SELF-ACTUALIZATION THEORY is also involved on ths case because Nicole can stand on her own but she needs the belongingness, love, safety and security to be capable of achieving. Next is erik erikson PSYCOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT where in, children’s personalities and social skills grow and develop within the content of society and in response to society’s demands, expectations and values. TRUST vs MISTRUST because when Nicole feels that her relatives loves her so much specially her grandma’s and grandpa’s, trust is develop but as time goes by, when the attention of relatives transferred to Iya, mistrust appears on nicole’s attitude. INDUSTRY vs INFERIORITY because Nicole is competent that she can achieve the things that she wants to achieve. MORAL DEVELOPMENT by kohlberg because as I observed, Nicole is lack of moral guidance by the people surrounds her. She taught that she is BEST  among others that’s why her morality to other people didn’t mind her. BEHAVIORISM is another theory that describes nicole’s case because it is very obvious that Nicole has a problem with regards to her behavior.Because of jealousy to her sister, the behavior of Nicole is being affected.

F. PROGNOSIS

            As I observed,I think, there’s also a problem on the side of the parents and relatives of Nicole because all the problem starts because of the “jealous factor” of Nicole. If the parents and relatives also consider that Nicole also needs belongingness and love, I think, there is no problem with regards to Nicole.

G. THERAPEUTIC PLAN

G1. KNOWLEDGE BUILDING

            Nicole must need to know how to accept that her sister need much attention to her because her sisteris special in a way of treating her. Nicole must know also how to appreciate the achievements of her other playmates so that Nicole could build the attitude of accepting that everybody has a capacity to be the BEST like her. She also need to know that her parents and relatives loves her so much and she is only the one who taught that she lacks attention. She must need to know how to value other people, how to love, and how to be a good sister. Nicole must also need to know her limitations that she is a child not an adult and she needs the help and the company of others.

G2. ATTITUDE

            On the attitude of Nicole, because of being jealous to Iya, she doesn’t mind people around her and she doesn’t notice that her attitude is not pleasant in the eyes of others that’s why, Nicole should need to accept Iya as her youngest sister, that Nicole must need to love Iya. I think, If Nicole can accept that Iya is her youngest sister and she needs to protect her. I think, this will be the start of the new Nicole because  we all know that the problem starts because of jealousy and if we can solve it, problem will be occur specially in the attitude of Nicole.

G3. SKILLS

            Because Nicole is a very intelligent girl, she must be able to know that sharing her skills is very important because helping other people gives joyful to herself. Nicole must also need to know that God creates us because he loves us and GOD loves us when we accept, help and love other people too.

           

H. THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION

                 DATE          INTERVENTION                                 RESULT

·        March 11         I praise her and taught to                   FAILED

                                       accept others achievements.

·        March 12         I let her be the teacher of her             FAILED

                                       playmates.

·        March 12         I use the “story telling” technique     SUCCEED

                                        to teach her about everything that

                                        she needs to learn.

I. PROGRESS

           

           

            I praised Nicole for what she had done and I let her praise other people too. But it seems to me that she became more confident about herself so I change my intervention. Because Nicole is a very intelligent girl, I asked her to be the teacher of her playmates so that she can impart the knowledge that she had. But she was being irritated every time her playmates cannot answer her questions so I used again another intervention for her.

            I told them a story about “ My favorite Student “. I said, “my favorite student is the one who can teah her classmates to be a model student like her, the one who accepts the achievements of others, the one who accepts her fault and say sorry to other people who caused her hurt. My favorite student is friendly and willing to help others and my favorite student has a good attitude towards her words and actions. So who among you wants to be my favorite student??”. I saw all of them raising their hand including Nicole.

            Then, when I asked them to do another activity about the topic that we had discussed, I left them again. I saw Nicole putting her paper again on the top of my desk and went back to her sit. But one incident really touches my heart and that is when her playmate asked Nicole about their activity and Nicole taught her. It makes me glad because I know that I will succeed on this case. After our activity, I asked Nicole to return the paper of her playmates. When Umong got high score like Nicole, I saw Nicole smiling at Umong and it gives me a hint that Nicole has the capacity to change and be a good child also.

J. THERAPEUTIC RESULT

            After I saw the changes of Nicole’s behavior, I know that she has the capacity to change for the better so, I asked her mother if she was aware about the “jealous factor” of Nicole to Iya. She said NO. I told them that Nicole becomes bad, boastful and full of self-confident because she taught that no one love her. She lacks attention that you as a parent need to give to her. That’s the reason why she always caught your attention when Iya is involved. The mother told me that because of their work, sometimes they cannot supervise Nicole and let the yaya be the guardian of her. She promised me that because of what I’ve said, she will do her part right away to supervise Nicole. The mother thanked me also for all the help that I gave to them.

K. SUMMARY/CONCLUSION/RECOMMENDATION

            After the result of my interventions to Nicole, I can say that my case is successfully done because I know that Nicole’s behavior o other people will be change for better because she can now accepts opinions, achievements and her fault to others. So I’m happy because I know that someday, Nicole will be successful on the things that she needs to know and on socializing to other people too. She will always remember that there is “CRISTAL “who taught her to accept others as her friend.

            My recommendation will always fall back to the parents to always guide Nicole on her life, to give her the attention, love and care that she needs. To be fair in treating Nicole and Iya as their siblings. Teach Nicole to accept Iya as her youngest sister and she must need to protect Iya for all the time. I just want to say to Nicole that I admire her for accepting her fault and willingness to love others. I hope that someday, I will saw Nicole and Iya happy together.

L. IMPLICATIONS TO EDUCATION (GLOBAL EDUCATOR)

             Because of the success of my case, I know that God place a big responsibilities on my hands. Upon observing this case, I told to myself that I will not only teach them to read and write but to teach them to be a good citizen someday and this is a big goal of GOD to me. If the parents are not aware of what is happening with their children, I am there to remind them about the changes of their child. Parents and teachers must work hand in hand to help the child reach the GOD’s goal on us..

Facilitator's Summary

Preparing to Practice (FACILITATOR)

The Referral Process

The referral process by which a client enters family therapy. The context of referral is an interactional process in which, generally speaking, someone decides that a problem exist and someone initiates the idea that therapy is a possible  resource and should be sought.

In this process the teacher assess first the situation or the problem. Counsel the child, and also to investigate on How does it happens?. It is important to look not only to your own perspectives, but also with the help of other people. Start with the background of the child, family, friends and neighbors.

The Joining Process

Joining is letting the family know that the therapist understand them and is working with and for them. It is conceptualized as an interactional pattern that is repeated throughout the entire course of family therapy.

In this process the teacher can help parents to fix the problems of their  child. If the parents cooperate with you, it would be a good start on the process. In order to help teachers and parents to understand the situations they must cooperate with each other by giving or sharing some important information necessary for joining process.

The Therapeutic Contract

This contract consists of expectations and goals transacted at two levels of communication and these are content and process.

Content means report in communication or the verbal information while the Process means command or the nonverbal manifestation of how the sender is defining the relationship.

Intentions are the most important part in therapeutic contract. Why do we need to help this family to save their children? Because, we have intentions. Good intentions that the teachers should have to help their students with their problems.

Goals are similar to expectations. In every problems that occur we set our goals to end that problems. In therapeutic process, as a teacher, after we addressed the problems, we think on what is to be accomplished.

Data Gathering

The process of data gathering can occur in many formal and informal ways. Schools provide a wide variety of distinctions regarding what type of information to gather and how to gather it.

Data gathering can be conducted through observations and questions that gives information based on their experiences. When gathering data, we should include the past and the present information. The more data we gather the better we can assess the problems. Every information is important in dealing with problems. We should also take into account the information from various people. We, as a therapist must be able to think broadly about families and about how to help them to change and most especially help children to become a better person of their own.

Group 1

Elizabeth Cainoy

Lourdes Barrion

Charmaine Crystal Baluyot

five learning questions

1. Can environment affects the lives of the child? why?

2. Have you felt being neglected by your family? how did you cope up from it?

3. Do you have any regret happened on your life? what is that?

4. What experiences of your life boost you to become YOU right now?

5. Can you consider your house as a home? why?

.. ECED REQUIREMENTS...

FIVE COMMON PROBLEMS OF EARLY CHILDHOOD

1. Temper Tantrum

Occasional temper tantrums are normal in toddlers, and only persistent or very severe tantrums are abnormal. The immediate cause is often unwitting reinforcement by excessive attention and inconsistent discipline on the part of the parents. When this arises it is often because the parents have emotional problems of their own or because the relationship between them is unsatisfactory.
Temper tantrums usually respond to kind but firm and consistent setting of limits. In treatment it is first necessary to discover why the parents have been unable to set limits in this way. They should be helped with any problems of their own and advised how to respond to the tantrums.

2. Sleep Problem

The most frequent sleep difficulty is wakefulness at night, which is most frequent between the ages of 1 and 4 years. About a fifth of children of this age take at least an hour to get to sleep or are wakeful for long periods during the night. When wakefulness is an isolated problem and not very distressing to the family, it is enough to reassure parents that it is likely to improve.
When sleep disturbances are severe or persistent, two possible causes should be considered. First, the problems may have been made worse by physical illness or an emotional disorders. Second, they may have been exacerbated by the parents excessive concern and inability to reassure the child. If no medical or psychiatric disorder is detected, the reasons for the parents concerns should be sought and dealt with as far as possible. Some parents overstimulate their child in the evening, or condone crying in the night by taking the child into their own bed. A behavioral approach to these problems is generally helpful (Richman et al. 1985). The handbook by Douglas and Richman (1984) is useful for parents.

3. Reactive attachment disorder of infancy and early childhood

This term denotes a syndrome starring before the age of 5 years and associated with grossly abnormal care-giving. There are two subtypes: inhibited and disinhibited. Children in the first subgroup may show a combination of behavioral inhibition, vigilance, and fearfulness, which is sometimes called frozen watchfulness. These children are miserable, difficult to console, and sometimes aggressive. Some fail to thrive. Such behavior is seen among children who have been abused. Children with the disinhibited subtype of the disorder relate indiscriminately to people, irrespective of their closeness, and are excessively familiar with strangers. Such behavior has been described most clearly in children raised in institutions. In DSM-IV, the diagnosis is made when the disturbance of relationships appears to be a direct result of abnormal care-giving. ICD-10 does not use this criterion but requires that the behavior is present in several situations.

 

4. Communication Disorder (developmental disorders of speech and language)

Children vary widely in their achievement of speech and language. Half of all children use words with meanings by 12.5 months and 97% do so by 21 months. Half form words into simple sentences by 23 months (Neligan and Prudham 1969). Vocabulary and complexity of language develop rapidly during the pre-school years. However, when children start school, 1% are seriously retarded in speech and 5% have difficulty in making themselves understood by strangers. The process by which language is acquired is complex and is still not fully understood.

Causes of communication disorder

No cause can be found in the majority of children with speech and language disorders. These cases are said to have specific developmental speech and language disorder. It is most important to detect the primary conditions, that are present in the minority. The most common of these causes is learning disability. Other important causes are deafness, cerebral palsy, and pervasive developmental disorder. Social deprivation can cause mild delays in speaking or add to the effects of the other causes.

5. Child Anxiety

In ICD-10, anxiety disorders in childhood are classified as emotional disorders with onset specific to childhood. DSM-IV does not contain this category and with two exceptions classifies childhood anxiety disorders in the same way as anxiety disorders in adult life. The exceptions are separation anxiety disorder and reactive attachment disorder, which are listed under the heading 'other disorders of infancy, childhood or adolescence'. ICD-10 has a diagnosis of sibling rivalry disorder. DSM-IV does not have this diagnosis in the main classification, but sibling relationship problems can be coded under 'other conditions that may be the focus of clinical attention'.

..my hopeful thoughts..

     It was late in the evening when I saw my mom crying. I was bother at that time so I asked her what is the problem.. She didn't answer me but I understand  that already. Lately, We found out that my mother had a SIS at her back. Because of financial problem, We cannot accommodate of operation.
    That was a nightmare for me. We asked our relatives to help us for the operation but I know that most of them had  problem also when it comes to financial. So until now, Im hoping for my mother's operation. Im hoping that she will be strong to face this kind of problem. i know that GOD can help us.